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2.2. Material Characterizations. A field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM， JEOL 6701F) was used to investigate the morphologies， particle sizes of the samples. Transmission electron microscopy and elemental compositions of the ... 2.2. Material Characterizations. A field emission scanning
electron microscope (SEM， JEOL 6701F) was used to investigate
the morphologies， particle sizes of the samples. Transmission electron
microscopy and elemental compositions of the samples were
determined by JEM-2100F (JEOL) coupled with an energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDX， Phoenix) system. Wide-angle and low-angle
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) of the as-obtained samples were
recorded on a Rigaku D/max-2500 with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.540 56
Å) operated at 40 kV and 200 mA. Raman measurements were
performed using a DXR from Thermo Scientific with a laser
wavelength of 532 nm. To calculate the pore size distribution and
pore volumes， the nitrogen absorption and desorption isotherms were
measured at 77.3 K with an Autosorb-1 specific surface area analyzer
from Quantachrome. The content of N in N-doped porous carbon was
determined by NHC elemental analysis using Flash EA 1112.
Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of S/C composite was performed
on TG/DTA 6300 in an N2
flow to obtain the S content in the
composite.
A four-contact method was applied to measure the powder
electronic conductivity of porous carbons. The powder sample was
pressed to disk at 4 MPa with two stainless-steel plungers， whose
resistance was measured by a Keithley 2400 digital multimeter in fourwire
mode. The conductivity of the sample was calculated according to
the resistance and the size of the disk.
Information of the surface elements was obtained by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) performed on the Thermo
Scientific ESCALab 250Xi using 200 W monochromatic Al Kα
radiation. The 500 μm X-ray spot was used for XPS analysis. The base
pressure in the analysis chamber was about 3 × 10−10 mbar. All
reported data of XPS binding energy are calibrated based on the
hydrocarbon C 1s line at 284.8 eV from adventitious carbon. Spectra
were fitted with Lorentzian−Gaussian functions and smart background
using Thermo Avantage software.