虚拟语气中的could/should/might/would的用法

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  ujlkgwu37215 2010-11-17 00:00:00

  http://baike.baidu.com/view/26751.htm。去看看吧

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  jasonng1999 2017-09-18 00:00:00

  虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试ZX测试的ZD之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气 ⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件，是虚拟条件Z普通的方式。 ① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her. ② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis. ③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said， you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。 ④ 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。 ⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形，例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题） ⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had ， should， were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构，这时候，如果出现not等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但频频出现在各类考试中出现，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday， we could have played tennis. ⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达，但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达，副词otherwise等表达出来。例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是，包含but for的句子，谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。 ⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的。 Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气 ⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。（wish后的that 常省略），根据主句时态，从句谓语时态相应退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him. ⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire， demand， advice， insist， require， suggest， propose， order， recommend， decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词not的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如suggest表达“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy. 除此之外，上述动词也要求用虚拟式 ① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词，其后所跟的主语从句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms. ② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词，其后的表语从句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled. ③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation. ⒊ would （had）rather ， would sooner也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反，例如：I would rather he went right now. Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气 ⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后，that主语从句中虚拟形式使用，这类形容词包括necessary， important， essential， imperative， urgent， preferable， vital， advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly. ⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式，例如It is high time that you went to school ⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。 ⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题） ⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.

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  你吗dB 2017-10-10 00:00:00

  （一） 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气 1 与现在事实相反 If + S. + were / V-ed … ， S. +should / would / could / might + V 原 … . （diyi人称可以用should，所有人称都可以用would） l If I were you ， I should go there with him . 如果我是你，就和他一起去那里。 l If I knew his address ， I might go to visit him . 如果我知道他的地址，也许我会去看他。 l Tom would be mad if he were here . 汤姆如果在这儿会发疯的。 l If there were no water ， there would be no life on the earth . 如果没有水，地球上就没有生命。 2 与过去事实相反 ① If + S. + had + P.P. + …， S. + should / would / could / might + have + P.P. … . （主句表示过去） ②If + S. + had + P.P. + …， S. + should / would / could / might + V 原 …. （主句表示现在） l If he had been there last night ， he would have known what had happened . 如果他昨晚在那里，他就会知道发生了什么事。 l If you had left earlier ， you wouldn’t have missed the plane. 如果你早一点动身，你就不会错过飞机了。 l If I had gone to the party last night ， I would have seen Tom . 如果我昨晚去了那个聚会，我就会看见汤姆了。 l If I had gone to the zoo yesterday ， I would be very tired now . 如果我昨天去了动物园，我现在就会很累。 l If he had finished his homework yesterday ， he could play soccer with his friends now . 如果他昨天写完作业，现在就可以和朋友们踢足球了。 3 与将来事实相反 ① If + S. + were / V-ed … ， S. +should / would / could / might + V 原 … . （表示虚拟） ②If + S. +should / would / could / might + V 原 …， S. +should / would / could / might + V 原 … .（不表示虚拟，表示客气） l If we went to help him tomorrow ， he would be very happy . 如果明天我们去帮助他，他会很开心的。 l If it were Sunday tomorrow ， I would take you to the park . l If we didn’t go to see him next week ， he would be very angry . l If you could send me your price list at once ， I would be very grateful . l If you could help me with my English ， I would be very happy . * 1 如果条件句中省略if ，句子要倒装。 l Were I you ， I wouldn’t smoke . = If I were you ， I wouldn’t smoke . 如果我是你的话，我就不抽烟。 l Had he read the material ， he would have been able to answer the question . 如果他读了资料，他就能回答这个问题。 = I he had read the material ， he would have been able to answer the question . l Would he come here tomorrow ， I would tell him about it . 如果明天他来这里，我会告诉他这件事。 = If he would come here tomorrow ， I would tell him about it . l Could the blind see ， they would value their sight more than we do . 如果盲人能看见东西的话，他们会比我们更珍惜光明。 = If the blind could see ， they would value their sight more than we do . 2 有时条件状语从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时，动词的形式要根据具体意义来决定，这种句子被称为错综时间的虚拟条件句。 l If he were a doctor ， his neior would have been saved last night . 如果他是一个医生，他的邻居昨晚就会得救了。 l If you had gone through a lot of hardship ， you would know what a happy life you are living . 如果你经历过很多艰辛，你就会知道现在的生活是多么幸福。 l If you had studied hard at school ， you would have a good job now . 如果你当初在学校努力学习，现在就会有一份好工作了。 l If they hadn’t lent us the money ， we would still be living a poor life now . 如果他们当初没借给我们钱，我们现在仍然过着贫苦的生活。 3 有时非真实的条件状语从句并没有出现，这种假设的条件是通过某些短语或上下文含蓄地表达的，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。常见的词或短语有：but for (要不是) ， but that (要不是) ， without (没有) ， otherwise (否则) ， or (否则) ， but …… l But for the rain ， we should have a pleasant journey . （表现在） l But for his poverty ， he would have gone abroad . （表过去） l Without your help ， I wouldn’t have succeeded . （表过去） l He wasn’t careful enough ， the accident could have been avoided . （表过去）他不够细心，否则的话事故是能够避免的。 = If he had been careful enough ， the accident could have been avoided . （二） 其他情况下的虚拟语气 1 某些表示建议、命令、主张、要求的动词后宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，其谓语形式为“should + V 原”，should 可以省略。这类动词有： ① 表建议：suggest（建议） propose （建议） recommend（建议） advise （建议） move（建议，鼓动） ② 表主张：insist（坚持） maintain（主张） hold（主张） urge （呼吁，力劝） ③ 表要求：ask （要求） request（要求） require（要求） demand（要求） desire（要求，希求） prefer（宁愿） arrange（安排） ④ 表命令：order（命令） command（命令） *suggest: 表示“建议”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；但是表示“暗示，使人想到”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。 Insist: 表示“坚持（应该）”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；但是表示“力言，坚持（认为），坚持（说）”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。 l He suggests that we ( should ) have a meeting . 他建议我们开个会。 l His attitude suggests that he isn’t interested in it . 他的态度暗示他对此不感兴趣。 l He insisted that he hadn’t taken the money . 他坚持说他没拿那些钱。 l I advised that he ( should ) go on a diet . 我建议他节食。 l They demanded that their working conditions ( should ) be bettered . 他们要求改善工作条件。 2 wish（希望）， would rather（宁愿）， would sooner（宁愿）， had rather（宁愿），would just as soon（宁愿）等表示愿望的动词后宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。 l I wish that I were thinner . 要是我再瘦点就好了。（表现在） l I wish that I hadn’t eaten too much . 要是我没吃那么多就好了。（表过去） l I wish that I would visit the moon some day . 我希望有一天去参观月球。（表将来） (wish + 宾语从句→表示不能实现或者难以实现的愿望，汉语常译为“可惜……，……就好了，悔不该……，但愿……” ) l I’d rather that you didn’t open the door . 但愿你别开门。 l I’d just rather you stayed at home today . 但愿你今天呆在家里。 l I’d just as soon that I hadn’t told her this yesterday . 真希望昨天没有把这些告诉她。 3 在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构要用“should + V 原”，should 可以省略。这种结构用来表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此等意义。但如果不表示惊奇，主语从句也可以用陈述语气。 ① It’s + 过去分词 （suggested ， ordered ， commanded ， advised ， required ， requested ， urged， asked ， decided ， desired ……）that … ② It’s + 形容词（necessary ， important ， better ， strange ， vital生死攸关的， 重大的， urgent ， essential本质的，精华的， appropriate适当的， advisable可取的， 明智的， imperative .命令的， 强制的， 紧急的， 必要的， desirable ， natural ……）that … ③ It’s + 名词（a pity ， a shame ， no wonder ……）that … l It’s suggested that the store ( should ) be closed at eight p.m. . 有人建议商店八点关门。 l It’s important that you ( should ) book the ticket in advance . 你一定要提前订票。 l It’s necessary that young and old people ( should ) communicate more with each other . 老人和年轻人之间必须要有更多的交流。 l It’s a pity that she ( should ) be so careless . 她竟然如此马虎，太让人遗憾了。 l It’s strange that he ( should ) be absent today . 他今天竟然缺席，这太奇怪了。 l It’s a pity that you can’t swim . 真遗憾，你不会游泳。（不表示惊奇） l It’s strange that he didn’t come yesterday . 真奇怪，他昨天没来。（不表示惊奇） 4 某些表示建议，命令，要求等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其谓语形式为“should + V 原”，should 可以省略。这类词有：suggestion ， proposal提议；建议， advice ， request ， requirement ， desire ， demand ， idea ， plan ， motion动机，意向；请求 ， order ， recommendation …… l My suggestion is that we ( should ) help her . 我的建议是我们帮她。 （表语从句） l The order were that we ( should ) stay where we were . 命令是我们仍留在原处。（表语从句） l His requirement is that every student ( should ) write two papers . 他的要求是每个学生都要写两篇论文。（表语从句） l At the meeting he put forward the suggestion that we ( should ) go there on the weekend . 在会上，他提出我们周末去那里。 （同位语从句） l We all agreed to his idea that we ( should ) go swimming on Sunday . 我们都同意他的主意：星期天去游泳。（同位语从句） 5 as if ， as though 引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中，要用虚拟语气。但是如果从句中“好像，似乎”的东西与事实相近时，则要用陈述语气。 l She loves the child as if he were her own . 她爱那个孩子，好像他是她亲生的。 l He stands there as if he were frozen . 他站在那儿一动不动，好像冻僵了一样。 l He looked as if he had never seen the sea . 他看上去好像从没见过大海似的。 l He talked about Shanghaias if / as though he had been there before . 他谈论着上海，好像他以前去过似的。 l It looks as if it is going to rain . 看上去天要下雨了。（陈述语气） l The milk smells as if it is fresh . 牛奶闻上去是鲜的。（陈述语气） l It looks as if they have known each other for years . 他们看上去好像已经认识多年了。（陈述语气） l Tom looks as if he is putting on weight . 汤姆看上去正在发胖。（陈述语气） l The dress feels as if it is made of cotton . 衣服摸上去好像是棉的。（陈述语气） 6 even if ， even though 引导的让步状语从句中，用虚拟语气，但如果叙述的是事实，则要用陈述语气。 l Even if he were wrong ， you shouldn’t treat him like that . 即使他错了，你也不该那样对待他。 l Even though I were as rich as you ， I wouldn’t buy that big house . 即使我像你一样富有，我也不会买那个大房子。 l I like him even if he isn’t rich . 即使他不富有，我也喜欢他。（陈述语气） l His grades were always excellent ， even if / even though he was often absent . 即使他经常缺席，他的成绩也一直很优异。（陈述语气） 7 in case (以免) ，lest (以免)， for fear that (以免) 引导的目的状语从句中，常用“should + V 原”表示虚拟，should 可以省略。但是，so that (为了)，in order that (为了) 引导的目的状语从句中，常用may / might / can / could + V 原 这一结构。 l I’ll ring you up lest you ( should ) forget to come . 我会给你打电话，以免你忘了来。 l I wrote down the name for fear that I ( should ) forget it . 我把名字写下来省得忘了。 l He doesn’t dare to leave the house in case he ( should ) be recognized . 他不敢离开那个房子，以防被认出来。 l Better chain up the dog in case he bites . Z好把狗拴好，以免它咬人。（陈述语气） l Take your coat in case the weather is cold . 带上你的外衣，以防天气变冷。（陈述语气） l I study hard so that I can pass the exam . 我努力学习为了通过考试。 l He gets up early in order that he can catch the first bus . 他早起为了赶上头班车。 l They elected the best grapes so that they could make the best wine . 他们为了酿Z美的酒挑选了Z好的葡萄。 8 在 It’s time … / It’s high time … / It’s about time … 后面的定于从句中常用虚拟语气，谓语动词多数使用“过去式”，也可以用“should + V 原”，但是should 不可以省略。 l It’s time that you went to bed . 你该上床睡觉了。 l It’s about time that you went to school . 你该上学了。 l Its’ high time that we started to work . 我们该开始工作了。 l It’s time that we should leave . 我们现在该走了。 l It’s high time that you got the computer repaired . 你该找人修修电脑了。 9 在if only 引导的感叹句中多用虚拟语气。 l If only I were a bird ! 如果我是一只鸟就好了。 l If only I had taken his advice ! 我要是听他的话就好了。 l If only I could take back those words ! 要是我能收回那些话该多好啊！ l If only he hadn’t taken me to the supermarket ， I wouldn’t have got lost . 要是他没把我带到超市去，我就不会丢了。 10 在expect ， believe ， think ，suppose等动词否定式或疑问式后面的宾语从句中，及在It’s a pity ( shame )， It’s surprising ( strange ， amazing ， unthinkable ， incredible …)that… 后面的主语从句中，常用“should + V 原”，表示吃惊，怀疑，不满等语气。另外，在be sorry ， be surprised ， be disappointed that …后面的原因状语从句中，常用“should + V 原”，表示吃惊，怀疑，不满，遗憾等语气。 l We never expected that they should have lost the game . 我们没预料到他们这次比赛会输。 l I couldn’t believe that he should steal my car . 我简直不相信他竟然偷我的车。 l It’s incredible that he should have cheated at cards . 他打牌作弊，这太不可思议了。 l I’m sorry that he should be late again . 他又迟到了，真让我感到遗憾。 l We are surprised that he should be mayor . 我们感到非常吃惊，他竟然是市长。 11 虚拟语气用在If it were not for … “如果没有……”（与现在事实相反），If it had not been for … “如果当时没有……”（与过去事实相反）中。 l If it were not for the rain ，the crops should / would die . 如果没有雨水的话，庄稼现在就死了。 l If it had not been for your timely help ， I would have failed . 如果没有你及时的帮忙，我就失败了。

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