翻译一段纳米材料的摘要(1)

小恩小石 2006-10-18 01:02:42 347 浏览

Abstract Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been hot issues during the recent decades. This thesis deals with the fabrication and engineering of novel nanomaterials with enhanced functionality， particularly nanocomposites and nanostruc... Abstract Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been hot issues during the recent decades. This thesis deals with the fabrication and engineering of novel nanomaterials with enhanced functionality， particularly nanocomposites and nanostructured surfaces. The study includes two parts; in the first part， bulk transparent polymer-inorganic nanocomposites were produced by a novel synthesis method and its UV-absorption has been investigated. In the second part， nanostructured microporous surface layers， of copper， were fabricated by electrodeposition process and its effect on material’s performance for pool boiling has been investigated evaluated.In the first part of the thesis， bulk polymer-inorganic nanocomposites composed of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and zinc compounds were prepared by an in situ sol-gel transition polymerization of zinc complex in PMMA matrix. The immiscibility of heterophases of solid organic and inorganic constituents was resolved by the in situ sol-gel transition polymerization of ZnO nanofillers within PMMA in the presence of dual functional agent， monoethanolamine， which provided strong secondary interfacial interactions for both complexing and crosslinking of constituents. Comprehensive characterization of the polymer-inorganic hybrid materials has been undertaken using a wide range of techniques; XRD， 1H NMR， FT-IR， TGA， DSC， UV-Vis， ED， SEM， TEM and HRTEM. The homogeneous PMMA-ZnO nanocomposites exhibited enhanced UV-sheltering effects in the entire UV range even at very low ZnO content of 0.02 wt%. 展开

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nxeyhwlk 2006-10-19 00:00:00

纳米材料及纳米技术摘要热点问题已经在Z近十年.这一论断涉及新型纳米材料制备及工程与功能增强，特别是纳米表面和纳米结构.这项研究包括两部分; 在diyi部分，散装透明聚合物生产一种新型无机纳米合成方法及其紫外线吸收已展开调查.在第二部分，纳米微孔表层、铜、电镀工艺制备及其对材料性能的沸腾--曾调查分析评价diyi部分论文，大宗聚合物组成的无机纳米聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(有机玻璃)、锌化合物编写了原位溶胶凝胶聚合过渡锌基复合有机玻璃.<固体heterophases混溶的有机和无机成分，通过原位溶胶凝胶聚合过渡锌nanofillers有机玻璃内的双重功能驻留剂乙醇胺，提供强大的互动界面上，既络合交成分.综合表征聚合物-无机材料已广泛开展以技术; X射线衍射，核磁共振、红外、热、热、紫外光、署、扫描、透射电镜和高分辨.齐有机玻璃-氧化锌纳米展出提高紫外线效果掩护，在整个射程紫外线氧化锌的含量非常低，甚至在0.02厘毫微

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abc19951207 2006-10-19 00:00:00

纳米材料和纳米技术，在近十年是热点话题，这个论题大大的提高了纳米材料的建筑与工程的应用. 下面接著翻译，等等

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蘑菇头De寂寞 2006-10-27 00:00:00

纳米材料及纳米技术摘要热点问题已经在Z近十年.这一论断涉及新型纳米材料制备及工程与功能增强，特别是纳米表面和纳米结构.这项研究包括两部分; 在diyi部分，散装透明聚合物生产一种新型无机纳米合成方法及其紫外线吸收已展开调查.在第二部分，纳米微孔表层、铜、电镀工艺制备及其对材料的性能已沸腾调查分析评价diyi部分的论文，大宗聚合物组成的无机纳米聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(有机玻璃)、锌化合物编写了原位溶胶凝胶聚合过渡锌基复合有机玻璃.<固体heterophases混溶的有机和无机成分，通过原位溶胶凝胶聚合过渡锌nanofillers有机玻璃内的双重功能驻留剂乙醇胺，提供强大的互动界面上，既络合交成分.综合表征聚合物-无机材料已广泛开展以技术; X射线衍射，核磁共振、红外、热、热、紫外光、署、扫描、透射电镜和高分辨.齐有机玻璃-氧化锌纳米展出提高紫外线效果掩护全连射程紫外线氧化锌的含量极低0.02毫微克以上. ok了可以了谢谢

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877474941 2006-10-19 00:00:00

全文翻译纳米材料及纳米技术摘要热点问题已经在Z近十年.这一论断涉及新型纳米材料制备及工程与功能增强，特别是纳米表面和纳米结构.这项研究包括两部分; 在diyi部分，散装透明聚合物生产一种新型无机纳米合成方法及其紫外线吸收已展开调查.在第二部分，纳米微孔表层、铜、电镀工艺制备及其对材料性能的沸腾--曾调查分析评价diyi部分论文，大宗聚合物组成的无机纳米聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(有机玻璃)、锌化合物编写了原位溶胶凝胶聚合过渡锌基复合有机玻璃.<固体heterophases混溶的有机和无机成分，通过原位溶胶凝胶聚合过渡锌nanofillers有机玻璃内的双重功能驻留剂乙醇胺，提供强大的互动界面上，既络合交成分.综合表征聚合物-无机材料已广泛开展以技术; X射线衍射，核磁共振、红外、热、热、紫外光、署、扫描、透射电镜和高分辨.齐有机玻璃-氧化锌纳米展出提高紫外线效果掩护全连射程紫外线氧化锌的含量极低0.02毫微克以上.

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翻译一段纳米材料的摘要(1): Abstract Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been hot issues during the recent decades. This thesis deals with the fabrication and engineering of novel nanomaterials with enhanced functionality， particularly nanocomposites and nanostruc... Abstract Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been hot issues during the recent decades. This thesis deals with the fabrication and engineering of novel nanomaterials with enhanced functionality， particularly nanocomposites and nanostructured surfaces. The study includes two parts; in the first part， bulk transparent polymer-inorganic nanocomposites were produced by a novel synthesis method and its UV-absorption has been investigated. In the second part， nanostructured microporous surface layers， of copper， were fabricated by electrodeposition process and its effect on material’s performance for pool boiling has been investigated evaluated.In the first part of the thesis， bulk polymer-inorganic nanocomposites composed of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and zinc compounds were prepared by an in situ sol-gel transition polymerization of zinc complex in PMMA matrix. The immiscibility of heterophases of solid organic and inorganic constituents was resolved by the in situ sol-gel transition polymerization of ZnO nanofillers within PMMA in the presence of dual functional agent， monoethanolamine， which provided strong secondary interfacial interactions for both complexing and crosslinking of constituents. Comprehensive characterization of the polymer-inorganic hybrid materials has been undertaken using a wide range of techniques; XRD， 1H NMR， FT-IR， TGA， DSC， UV-Vis， ED， SEM， TEM and HRTEM. The homogeneous PMMA-ZnO nanocomposites exhibited enhanced UV-sheltering effects in the entire UV range even at very low ZnO content of 0.02 wt%. 展开

翻译纳米材料摘要（2）: Moreover， the particle size of incorporated ZnO calculated from the effective mass model was close to the results obtained from HRTEM. The synthesis method developed in course of this work can be used for the fabrication of different polym... Moreover， the particle size of incorporated ZnO calculated from the effective mass model was close to the results obtained from HRTEM. The synthesis method developed in course of this work can be used for the fabrication of different polymer-inorganic transparent nanocomposites with other functionalities. In the second part of the thesis， we studied a method for the fabrication of micro-porous surface layer – made of copper nanoparticles – on the surface of copper plates (suitable for heat exchangers). The micro-porous surfaces were formed from dendritic network of copper nanoparticles obtained by electrodeposition from solution using dynamic bubble formation and removal as template. The surface layer engineered and its structures were optimized in order to enhance the boiling heat transfer coefficient. To further optimize the dendritic structure， additional annealing step was introduce and its effect on the surface layer structure and properties were investigated. The properties of the deposited surface structures were investigated and its effect on the enhancement of the heart transfer coefficient has been studied. The fabricated enhanced surface has shown an excellent performance in nucleate boiling. Pool boiling tests were performed on refrigerant fluids (R134a) to evaluate the boiling performance of the electrodeposited nanostructured micro-porous structures. At heat flux of 1 W/cm2， the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced over 15 times compared to a plain reference surface. A model has been presented to explain the enhancement based on the structure characteristics. 展开

纳米材料的摘要翻译（7）: Drivers and Directions In the United States， the EPA and NIOSH are spearheading research into nanoparticles and their associated health risks through a variety of funded research projects and information exchange programs. NIOSH’s Web si... Drivers and Directions In the United States， the EPA and NIOSH are spearheading research into nanoparticles and their associated health risks through a variety of funded research projects and information exchange programs. NIOSH’s Web site also cites its participation in the multiagency National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Nanoscale Science， Engineering and Technology Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Technology. But on the whole， the study of nanotechnology in the workplace is still in its infancy. Or as Keith Rickabaugh， technical director of materials and analytical services for RJ Lee Group， Monroeville， Pa.， puts it， “what has been learned is that there is much more to learn.” Rickabaugh goes on to say that， “We need to learn how to economically/reasonably establish safe work practices and engineering controls to protect workers from an ‘unknown’ exposure risk. That includes performing studies to document the health risks of nanosized particles， and training workers to understand and be able to characterize those materials.” 展开

急求英文高手翻译一段摘要有关夹具设计的: Abstract In this paper， the general situation of research on agile fixture design is summarized and the achievements and deficiencies in the field of case-based fixture design are pointed out. There are no correlative case bases and match... Abstract In this paper， the general situation of research on agile fixture design is summarized and the achievements and deficiencies in the field of case-based fixture design are pointed out. There are no correlative case bases and matching mechanisms during the period from establishing the fixture planning to designing the fixture in currently used case-based fixture design systems. Thus a great amount of experience of fixture design is wasted and cannot be re-used， which reduces design efficiency and violates the original intention of case-based reasoning methods. In order to realize agility of fixture design， including re-configurability， re-scalability and re-usability， in this paper， a re-configurable agile fixture element base and an element assembly relation base are established. Using these two bases， the fixture structure is function-based decomposed， which makes it easy for an agile fixture to be re-configured and modified. Furthermore， a whole case-based agile fixture design model is presented， in which three modules are introduced， including the evaluation of the similarity of fixture planning， conflict arbitration and the modification of an agile fixture case. The three modules can be used to solve a problem where experience and design results cannot be re-used in the process of fixture design. Against the agile fixture design model， the evaluation method is put forward to evaluate the similarity in various phases. However， a similar case in the base could not generally meet the actual requirement and resolve the conflict between the similar case and the actual condition. Thus three methods， including a local restriction-relaxed method， a function-based conflict arbitration method and a case-based conflict arbitration method， are presented to clear up the conflict and could be used to modify the case to obtain an approach to a design result. Finally， an agile fixture design example is presented. The result demonstrates that the case-based agile fixture design approach can improve re-usability and design efficiency. Keywords: Agile fixture design; Case-based reasoning; Modeling 展开

摘要，关键字翻译: 摘要：从天然食用紫卷心菜中以水作溶剂提取紫红色素，分别用微波和超声波作辅助并对提取温度、时间及次数等工艺条件进了研究。实验结果表明，微波辅助之以水作溶剂提取天然食用紫卷心... 摘要：从天然食用紫卷心菜中以水作溶剂提取紫红色素，分别用微波和超声波作辅助并对提取温度、时间及次数等工艺条件进了研究。实验结果表明，微波辅助之以水作溶剂提取天然食用紫卷心菜中紫红色素效果Z好，Z佳提取条件为：微波火力为80，辐射时间180秒。关键字：紫卷心菜；红色素；提取；微波；超声波。展开

【生物专业英语】摘要翻译: Abstract:Heavymetals，suchascadmium，copper，lead，chromiumandmercury，areimportantenvironmentalpollutants，particularlyinareaswithhighanthropogenicpressure.Theirpresenceinthea... Abstract: Heavy metals， such as cadmium， copper， lead， chromium and mercury， are important environmental pollutants， particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere， soil and water， even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms， and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals enter the human body mainly through two routes namely: inhalation and ingestion， ingestion being the main route of exposure to these elements in human population. Heavy metals intake by human populations through food chain has been reported in many countries. Soil threshold for heavy metal toxicity is an important factor affecting soil environmental capacity of heavy metal and determines heavy metal cumulative loading limits. For soil-plant system， heavy metal toxicity threshold is the highest permissible content in the soil (total or bioavailable concentration) that does not pose any phytotoxic effects or heavy metals in the edible parts of the crops does not exceed food hygiene standards. Factors affecting the thresholds of dietary toxicity of heavy metal in soil-crop system include: soil type which includes soil pH， organic matter content， clay mineral and other soil chemical and biochemical properties; and crop species or cultivars regulated by genetic basis for heavy metal transport and accumulation in plants. In addition， the interactions of soil-plant root-microbes play important roles in regulating heavy metal movement from soil to the edible parts of crops. Agronomic practices such as fertilizer and water managements as well as crop rotation system can affect bioavailability and crop accumulation of heavy metals， thus influencing the thresholds for assessing dietary toxicity of heavy metals in the food chain. This paper reviews the phytotoxic effects and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and food crops and assesses soil heavy metal thresholds for potential dietary toxicity. 用翻译软件的免回，哥也有，真诚求助高手！展开

帮忙翻译论文摘要: 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究... 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究得了飞速发展。本次的实验是在前人设计的带螺旋折流片（下简称螺旋片）换热器的基础上再在内圆管多加上扰流柱，分析不同操作参数和结构参数条件下流体传热情况，由此得出影响换热器传热性能的条件，为进一步研究静态混合器传热情况和其在实际工程及设计中的应用奠定基础。本文对换热器进行了研究，测得壳程空气进出口温度，利用温差传热，以努塞尔准数作为衡量换热器传热性能的标准，分别考察了雷诺数对努塞尔准数的影响，并与空管进行了比较。换热器器中由于扰流柱的作用，使进入管中的流体在流经扰流柱时产生旋涡，有效地消除了径向主流道的速度梯度和温度梯度。因传热边界层大大减薄，使得边界层内流体不断得到更新，热阻下降，传热过程得到强化。通过实验可以得出一些结论: 由于有螺旋片同扰流柱的存在使得扰动螺旋型换热器的传热效果明显要优于圆滑管型换热器同螺旋型换热器;螺旋片使流体具有向外甩开的离心力，流体在流过扰流柱时因被分流、切割、再生，不仅加速了流速并且在柱后形成涡流，加速壁面流体的更新，减薄粘性边界层底层的厚度，从而提高了传热性能; 同一模型在不同Re下，随着Re的增加，Nu也随着增加，在不计阻力时，模型的传热效果随着Re的增加而提高不要在线翻译的。希望帮一忙！如果好再加100分，我现在非常急，马上就要交了。展开

帮忙翻译论文摘要: 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究... 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究得了飞速发展。本次的实验是在前人设计的带螺旋折流片（下简称螺旋片）换热器的基础上再在内圆管多加上扰流柱，分析不同操作参数和结构参数条件下流体传热情况，由此得出影响换热器传热性能的条件，为进一步研究静态混合器传热情况和其在实际工程及设计中的应用奠定基础。本文对换热器进行了研究，测得壳程空气进出口温度，利用温差传热，以努塞尔准数作为衡量换热器传热性能的标准，分别考察了雷诺数对努塞尔准数的影响，并与空管进行了比较。换热器器中由于扰流柱的作用，使进入管中的流体在流经扰流柱时产生旋涡，有效地消除了径向主流道的速度梯度和温度梯度。因传热边界层大大减薄，使得边界层内流体不断得到更新，热阻下降，传热过程得到强化。通过实验可以得出一些结论: 由于有螺旋片同扰流柱的存在使得扰动螺旋型换热器的传热效果明显要优于圆滑管型换热器同螺旋型换热器;螺旋片使流体具有向外甩开的离心力，流体在流过扰流柱时因被分流、切割、再生，不仅加速了流速并且在柱后形成涡流，加速壁面流体的更新，减薄粘性边界层底层的厚度，从而提高了传热性能; 同一模型在不同Re下，随着Re的增加，Nu也随着增加，在不计阻力时，模型的传热效果随着Re的增加而提高不要翻译软件翻译的。如果好再加分展开

帮忙翻译一段英语: Plant material and culture conditions have been described (7). Briefly， a diploid tissue culture line， WOO1C， of wild carrot， Daucus carota L.， was maintained in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.1 mg of 2，4-dichlorophenoxy... Plant material and culture conditions have been described (7). Briefly， a diploid tissue culture line， WOO1C， of wild carrot， Daucus carota L.， was maintained in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.1 mg of 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2，4-D). To regenerate plants from the culture， callus tissue was transferred to the same medium devoid of 2，4-D (embryogenic medium). All experiments were performed with cultures grown in liquid medium. For convenience， cultures grown in 2，4-D-containing medium are referred to as "callus cultures"， and those grown in medium without 2，4-D as "embryo cultures." The growth of callus cultures was measured by the sidearmturbidity method (7). The number of cells at any time point of growth was estimated from turbidity in a Klett-Summerson calorimeter and was expressed in arbitrary units. For example， Klett 100 corresponds to ="2 X 106 cells per ml. The relationship is linear up to Klett 150 in our Klett-Summerson colorimeter. Suspension cultures ofWOOLC cell line are normally maintained at cell densities between 106 and 107 cells per ml in 0.1 mg of 2，4-D per liter (high-density culture) in shake flasks. During a quantitative study on embryogenesis， we found that maximal embryo production can be achieved by first incubating the culture at high density in medium without 2，4-D for one generation time and then diluting it to 2-3 x 104 cells per ml (low-density culture). To compare cultures of comparable density， callus cultures and embryo cultures were subjected to the same procedure. To initiate low-density embryo or callus cultures， an 8-day-old high-density culture grown at the logarithmic phase was washed three times with fresh callus or embryogenic medium and resuspended at 8 x 105 cells per ml for one generation (3 days) in its corresponding medium. It was then diluted to 2 x 104 cells per ml; 20 ml of the culture was incubated in a plastic Petri dish (9 cm in diameter) at 240C. The morphogenetic events of the cultures were examined and photographed under a dissecting microscope. 请不要用google的那个，我看不懂~~ 展开

纳米材料翻译（8）: Symposium Spotlights the State of the Science Nanotechnology research may still be in its infancy， but indications are good that the field will be growing up fast in the coming years. This promising trend was evident at the second Interna... Symposium Spotlights the State of the Science Nanotechnology research may still be in its infancy， but indications are good that the field will be growing up fast in the coming years. This promising trend was evident at the second International Symposium on Nanotechnology and Occupational Health， which was held in Minneapolis in early October 2005. Sponsored by NIOSH， the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of Minnesota and the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology at Rice University， the symposium showcased not only the progress that has been made in the study of nanotechnology’s workplace issues， but also the depth and breadth of questions that remain. Patrick O’Shaughnessy of the University of Iowa， Iowa City， considered the meeting “very productive. It brought together most of the players from health and safety. It was good to see the variety of academic， government and business people interested in ensuring that the health and safety topics and concerns are addressed as soon as possible. No one wants another asbestos problem to emerge.”He notes that several talks and poster sessions on toxicology showed data implying that nanoparticles tested may not be as reactive as first suspected. In addition， there was a general consensus that typical mass-based measurements will not be adequate when evaluating a workplace because of nanoparticles’ small size and low mass. “Interestingly， devices that measure particle surface area may be very useful because the particles have an extremely large surface-to-volume ratio， and therefore， a greater potential to react with lung tissue，” O’Shaughnessy says. Other topics of interest， adds Mark Hoover of NIOSH， Morgantown， W. Va.， included how to organize health and safety programs and resources to manage nanoparticles effectively and safely， personal protective equipment and filtration， as well as whether existing information about micrometer particles can be extrapolated to the nanometer range. “The evidence is still developing，” Hoover says， “but many people will do investigations with multiple metrics so we can be sure.”Hoover was also impressed with the symposium’s international flavor. “You had a lot of networking going on between U.S. scientists and their colleagues from the Pacific Rim， the European Union， Australia and New Zealand，” he says. “Everybody is eager to get up to speed with their colleagues’ research.” 展开

纳米材料翻译（3）: The preparation of ultrafine powder of bismuth sulfide The synthesis of binary metal sulfides has been the focus of attention because of their important physical and chemical properties [1， 2]， good commercial applications in semiconductor... The preparation of ultrafine powder of bismuth sulfide The synthesis of binary metal sulfides has been the focus of attention because of their important physical and chemical properties [1， 2]， good commercial applications in semiconductors， pigments， luminescence devices， solar cells， IR detectors and optical fiber， communications， modern thermoelectric coolers [3]. Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) is a direct band gap material with Eg of 1.3 eV [4] and useful for photodiode arrays of photovoltaics [5]. Usually， busmuth sulfide can be prepared by direct reaction of bismuth and sulfur vapor in a quartz vessel at high temperature [6]. The chemical deposition method was applied to prepare bismuth sulfide through reaction of bismuth salt complexed by triethanolamine or EDTA with an aqueous solution containing a sulfur sourse such as thioacetamide， thiourea， sodium thiosulphate， geseous H2S. However， the powders obtained through this route are mostly amorphous or poorly crystallized [7–10]. The thermal decomposition preparation of bismuth sulfide was also reported by thermal decomposition of bismuth dithiocarbamate complexes [11]， metal ethylxanthate [12]， Bi-thiourea complex [13]. However， all these methods required high temperature or else the final poducts contain some impurites. Some researches use nonagueous solutions for depostion of bismuth sulfide thin films， but they have got amorphous products [14， 15]. Yu and Qian reported thermal synthesis of Bi2S3 through a reaction of BiCl3 and thiourea in ethanol at 140 °C [16]. 展开

纳米材料翻译（6）: Such interest is well founded.Touted as the impetus for a 21st century industrial revolution， manufactured nanoscale materials (less than 100 nanometers) are being studied intensely by a variety of industries. Worldwide， governments are alr... Such interest is well founded.Touted as the impetus for a 21st century industrial revolution， manufactured nanoscale materials (less than 100 nanometers) are being studied intensely by a variety of industries. Worldwide， governments are already investing billions of dollars in nanotechnology; that figure almost certainly will surpass $1 trillion in the next 10 years. Perhaps the only thing that approaches nanotechnology's technological potential is the uncertainty surrounding its occupational health risks. Relatively little is known about the exposure patterns and toxicity levels of ultrafine materials. But with hundreds of thousands of workers expected to join an industry that likely will redefine nearly every aspect of manufacturing and processing in the coming years， it’s essential that IHs learn as much as they can about potential workplace safety issues related to nanotechnology. “This is an opportunity for IHs to be at the forefront of solving problems before they arise，” says Mark Hoover， a senior research scientist at NIOSH in Morgantown， W.Va.“It is certainly a better approach than having to react to a problem or perform a cleanup on short notice.” 展开

纳米材料翻译（4）: In this study the preparation of ultrafine powder of Bi2S3 by a reaction between bismuth octanoate and sulfur in organic solvent such as high boiling alcanes is reported. The first step was the preparation of bismuth octanoate. Bi(NO3)3Y... In this study the preparation of ultrafine powder of Bi2S3 by a reaction between bismuth octanoate and sulfur in organic solvent such as high boiling alcanes is reported. The first step was the preparation of bismuth octanoate. Bi(NO3)3⋅5H2O and octanic acid were used as the starting materials. The acid was reagent and solvent at the same time and was added in twice excess. After boiling the mixture of starting materials during 1 hour， the product was salted out by ethylacetate. The precipitate was filtered and dried in exxicator at room temperature.The second step was the synthesis of bismuth sulfide by boiling of bismuth octanoate and sulfur in decane during 2.5 hours. The dark grey precipitate was filtered and washed with hexane several times to remove the impurites. The product was dried in exxicator at room temperature. 展开

请翻译一段简单的英语（务必准确）: 用翻仪器的走远！Thetissueishomogenizedwithchloroform/methanol(2/1)toafinalvolume20timesthevolumeofthetissuesample(1gin20mlofsolventmixture).Afterdispersion，thewholemixtur... 用翻仪器的走远！ The tissue is homogenized with chloroform/methanol (2/1) to a final volume 20 times the volume of the tissue sample (1 g in 20 ml of solvent mixture). After dispersion， the whole mixture is agitated during 15-20 min in an orbital shaker at room temperature. The homogenate is either filtrated (funnel with a folded filter paper) or centrifuged to recover the liquid phase. The solvent is washed with 0.2 volume (4 ml for 20 ml) of water or better 0.9% NaCl solution. After vortexing some seconds， the mixture is centrifuged at low speed (2000 rpm) to separate the two phases. Remove the upper phase by siphoning and kept it to analyze gangliosides or small organic polar molecules. If necessary (need of removing labelled molecules...)， rinse the interface one or two times with methanol/water (1/1) without mixing the whole preparation. After centrifugation and siphoning of the upper phase， the lower chloroform phase containing lipids is evaporated under vacuum in a rotary evaporator or under a nitrogen stream if the volume is under 2-3 ml. 展开

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我有一段英文，看不明白，求翻译: Thetubewillbesupportedbypillarswhichconstrainthetubeintheverticaldirectionbutallowlongitudinalslipforthermalexpansionaswellasdampenedlateralsliptoreducetheriskposedbyeart... The tube will be supported by pillars which constrain the tube in the vertical direction but allow longitudinal slip for thermal expansion as well as dampened lateral slip to reduce the risk posed by earthquakes. In addition， the pillar to tube connection nominal position will be adjustable vertically and laterally to ensure proper alignment despite possible ground settling. These minimally constrained pillars to tube joints will also allow a smoother ride. Specially designed slip joints at each stations will be able take any tube length variance due to thermal expansion. This is an ideal location for the thermal expansion joints as the speed is much lower nearby the stations. It thus allows the tube to be smooth and welded along the high speed gliding middle section. The spacing of the Hyperloop pillars retaining the tube is critical to achieve the design objective of the tube structure. The average spacing is 100 ft (30 m)， which means there will be near 25，000 pillars supporting both tubes and solar panels. The pillars will be 20 ft (6 m) tall whenever possible but may vary in height in hilly areas or where obstacles are in the way. Also， in some key areas， the spacing will have to vary in order to pass over roads or other obstacles. Small spacing between each support reduces the deflection of the tube keeping the capsule steadier and the journey more enjoyable. In addition， reduced spacing has increased resistance to seismic loading as well as the lateral acceleration of the capsule. 有些桥墩与管道之间的细节问题希望能仔细处理清楚，十分感谢！！追加15分！能手动翻译一下吗？！展开

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