Precautions for good impedance measurements

From biological cells analysis to fuel cells tests, from coatings to cement paste quality control, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has become a powerful tool in the vast environment of electrochemistry. As a nonintrusive and highly sensitive technique, EIS requires basic precautions, often overlooked, to achieve error free data. This document aims to highlight the nature of the error sources placed outside the electrochemical cell and their effects in the study of the electrochemical systems with the EIS technique with an accent on high and low impedance cells. General conditions for accurate measurements related to the sample linearity, causality, time independence and stability are beyond the scope of this note. VMP3多通道电化学工作站-16通道